Eating disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterised by unhealthy eating habits and a preoccupation with body weight, shape, and food. They can include conditions like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. These disorders often have serious physical and psychological consequences and require medical and psychological intervention for treatment.

Eating disorders can affect individuals of any age, gender, or background but certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing these disorders. Common risk factors include:

  • Gender – eating disorders are more commonly diagnosed in women, but they can also affect men. 
  • Age – eating disorders often develop during adolescence or young adulthood, although they can occur at any age. 
  • Genetic factors – Having a family history of eating disorders or other mental health conditions can increase the risk. 
  • Psychological factors – Conditions like depression, anxiety and low self esteem can contribute to the development of eating disorders. 
  • Sociocultural influences – Pressure to conform to unrealistic body standards, often promoted by media and society, can contribute to the development of eating disorders. 
  • History of Trauma – Individuals who have experienced trauma, such as abuse, may be at a higher risk. 
  • Personality traits – Perfectionism and impulsivity can be risk factors. 

Signs someone may have an eating disorder. 
  • Significant weight loss or fluctuations – Sudden, unexplained changes in weight can be a sign of an eating disorder. 
  • Preoccupation with food, dieting and body size – Constantly talking or thinking about food, calories, and weight. 
  • Eating rituals – Developing unusual food rituals or eating in secret. 
  • Excessive exercise – Compulsive or extreme exercise patterns, often driven by a need to burn calories. 
  • Social withdrawal – Avoiding social situations, especially those involving food. 
  • Mood swings and irritability – Frequent changes in mood and increased irritability. 
  • Physical symptoms – These can include fatigue, dizziness, fainting, hair loss, brittle nails and more. 
  • Changes in clothing – Wearing baggy or layered clothing to hide their body. 
  • Self-esteem Issues – Expressing extreme dissatisfaction with their body and appearance. 
  • Bathroom visits after meals – Frequent trips to the bathroom, which may indicate purging (e.g., vomiting or laxative)
  • Hoarding or hiding food – Secretly storing or stashing food. 
  • Social media activity – Posting concerning content related to food, body image, or exercise on social media. 

It is important to approach someone you suspect may have an eating disorder with care and empathy. Encourage them to seek help from a professional. Eating disorders are serious conditions that require treatment and early intervention is crucial for recovery. 

Treatment for eating disorders typically involves a multidisciplinary approach and may include, medical assessment, nutritional counselling, psychotherapy and in some cases medication. 

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Page last reviewed: 12 November 2024
Next review due: 12 November 2025